- Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB) -
The Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB) is an internationally facilitated platform dedicated to enhancing the capacity of developing
countries to improve crops for food security and sustainable development through better plant breeding and seed delivery systems.
International Symposium on Induced Mutations in Plants (ISIM), Vienna, Austria, 12 - 15 August 2008
Please visit the IAEA symposium web page regularly for more information regarding this symposium: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/Announcements.asp?ConfID=167.
- Fruiting in micropropagated date palm tree, variety ‘Deglect Noor’
- TC project RAF/5/035.
FOCUS on: Producing date palm trees with improved fruit yield, short height, and resistance to Bayoud
disease. Date palm is one of the most important fruit trees the Middle East and in the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa.
In some areas, this is the only tree which provides food, shelter and fuel to the communities. Dates are not only a staple food but are also
an important export cash crop. Conventionally, date palms are propagated from young shoots which appear as suckers at the base of the tree.
Thus, it is possible to multiply well known good quality females and have the desired ratio of male to female trees in a plantation.
However, the outbreak of Bayoud disease in an epidemic form in the Sahara region has made conventional methods of tree propagation unreliable
and undesirable. The disease is caused by the soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum sp. albedinis. The pathogen enters the plant
via roots, travels through the xylem, and causes white leaves (hence the name 'Bayoud'). In-vitro propagation of selected date palms offers a practical solution for obtaining
high quality, disease free propagules in large numbers. Since the life span of the date palm is long, and it takes up to seven years before a plant fruits for the first time from
seed propagation, the conventional methods of propagation are too slow and inefficient, and the genotypes produced are completely different from the parental variety. To
overcome these problems, the existing varieties which have good quality but are susceptible to Bayoud disease can be upgraded through induced mutations. This can now be
accomplished by in-vitro irradiation of tissue cultured material, such as explants, somatic embryos and callus cultures. In addition to susceptibility to Bayoud disease, some of the
cultivars with good fruit quality do not have adequate fruit yield and are too tall in growth habit. There is thus a need to improve yield by producing short height genotypes, as
has been achieved in some temperate fruit trees such as apples. Short height also allows a higher density of planting per unit area and would thus lead to an increased yield.
The production of disease-resistant mutants of the existing cultivars with high yield and quality will restrict the spread of Bayoud and other diseases through the spread of
healthy and uninfected material. Both domestic availability and export potential of dates will be enhanced.
Since 1997, the Agency has been assisting the three Maghreb Countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) in developing disease-free varieties with higher yield, better
quality, and other desirable traits (RAF5035, RAF5049). Good results in the isolation of Bayoud toxin and in vitro grown date palm plantlets were obtained. These results
now lead to the (1) assessment in the field of the performance of the developed improved mutants, particularly against Bayoud toxin, (2) screening of mutants and of the
genetic variability, and (3) streamlining the legal and technical procedures for the transfer of biological substances and in vitro genetic materials.
- The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database or MVD provides information on induced mutations suitable for breeding programmes and genetic analysis. MVD collects information on crop mutant varieties, on which mutagens and characters have been used and how they were improved. If you have information that is not in the database and you would like considered for inclusion contact Qing Yao SHU.
- Cost Reduction in banana micropropagation by using skylights as a source of natural light.
Day light instead of artificial light was exploited for the in vitro culture of banana. Tubular skylights diverted natural light into an interior enclosed room and could
sufficiently illuminate an area of 3 to 5 m2. The cost of a tubular skylight is ca. US $ 600. The maintenance-free system allowed only a minimum of heat transfer and no
cooling was necessary. The culture room required no electricity supply and under our conditions savings on costs for electricity of US$ 6 per m2 per week were achieved as
compared to a standard growth room equipped with artificial lighting and controlled photoperiod and temperature regimes.
Under natural light conditions, micropropagated plantlets were well developed at mean photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 5 to
13 mmol m-2 s-1 and photoperiods of 9 to 14 hours. Micropropagation rates were either the same or
significantly higher than under artificial lighting. Single shoots on rooting medium showed some symptoms of etiolation yet acclimatisation
rates averaged 95 %.
